Adding Gerunds

Adding Advanced Structures: Gerunds

I’m interested in               learning how to fly an airplane                                                                               .

I’m nervous about ________________________________________________________________________.

I’m responsible for ________________________________________________________________________.

I’m concerned about ______________________________________________________________________.

I’m involved in ___________________________________________________________________________.

Gerunds - _________________________________________________________________________ Rules: 1.      All verbs, except modal verbs, have gerund forms. 2.      Gerunds can appear in many forms: a.      (one word):                 Eating is one my favorite activities. b.      ( + adverb):                 Eating quickly can lead to weight gain. c.       ( + noun):                     Eating chocolate makes me so happy. d.      ( + preposition):          Eating in a restaurant is often expensive. 3.      Gerunds can act as the subject of a sentence.                                  Listening to loud music is one way I get rid of stress. 4.      Gerunds can follow a verb. I like listening to loud music to get rid of stress. Gerunds can follow a preposition. I’m concerned about listening to loud music when I’m driving a car.

 

Practice: Complete each sentence with a gerund. Identify the location of the gerund.

________ 1. My brother really enjoys _________________________________________________________.

________ 2. ____________________________________________________ can be a wonderful experience.

________ 3. Many students dislike ___________________________________________________________.

________ 4. I’m most proud of ______________________________________________________________.

________ 5. If you want to avoid the flu, you should avoid ________________________________________.

________ 6. My father was angry about _______________________________________________________.

________ 7. ________________________________________________________________ is a difficult task.

________ 8. After the test, I finished _________________________________________________________.

Showing Cause and Effect: Prepositional Phrases

Prepositional Phrase	Cause	Cause/Effect Sentence
because of	the hot weather	Because of the hot weather, I stayed inside.
as a result of	our win	As a result of our win, we advanced to the finals.
as a consequence of	the fog	As a consequence of the fog, ___________________________.
due to	the injury	Due to the injury, ______________________________________.

Prepositional Phrases - __________________________________________________________________ Rules: 1.      Prepositional Phrase comes before a noun or noun phrase. a.      (Prepositional Phrase) (noun/noun phrase), (effect)    As a consequence of      my laziness              , I did not do well on the exam.          2.      Make a noun phrase by deleting the verb and moving the adjective before the noun. a.      Interest rates are low. Many people are buying homes for the first time. Because of low interest rates, many people are buying homes for the first time. Punctuation: The prepositional phrase can be first or second. Use a comma if it comes first. Because of heavy rain, our backyard flooded.         Our backyard flooded because of heavy rain.

 

Practice: Combine each pair of sentences to show cause and effect. Use the prepositional phrase in the parentheses.

1.       The economy failed. Many people are unemployed. (due to)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2.       Individual health care is expensive. People cannot afford treatment. (because of)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

3.       The oil spill is spreading. Thousands of volunteers are going to the gulf to help. (as a consequence of)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4.       The student’s work is excellent. He received the highest grade in the class. (as a result of)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5.       The weather is changing rapidly. She got sick. (as a consequence of)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

6.       The semester is short. The students must learn a lot in a little time. (because of)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Appositives and Adjective Clauses

Adding Description to Sentences: Appositives & Adjective Clauses

My friend loves to find new bike shops in every town we explore.

                       , a bike enthusiast,

S’mores are the perfect summertime treat.

                      , a sweet made with chocolate and marshmallows,

The ELI is located in Olin Hall.

                     ______________________________________________________________________________.

Yoga is now practiced in many different countries around the world.        

                    ______________________________________________________________________________.

Appositive - __________________________________________________________________________ Rules: 1.      Extra information must be set off by commas. The appositive is not needed to identify the noun. a.      Proper noun:  Annie, my friend, got married last weekend. b.      One-of-a-kind nouns: The earth, the third planet from the sun, only has one moon. c.       Superlative (-est): The tallest building in the world, Burj Dubai, was built in 2009. 2.      Necessary information does not need commas. The appositive helps identify the noun. a.      My friend Annie got married last week. (Which friend?) b.      The planet Earth only has one moon. (Which planet?) c.       The building Burj Dubai was built in 2009. (Which building?)

 

Practice: Underline the appositive. Mark if it is extra or necessary information. Add punctuation.

_______ 1. Camping an outdoor adventure is a popular summer-time activity for families.

_______ 2. West Virginia a state full of hills, rivers, and forests is perfect for camping.

_______ 3. The best campground Ace Adventures is in New River Gorge.

_______ 4. My friends Mark and Deena are bringing food.

_______ 5. Monica my running buddy has promised me we will explore all the running trails.

_______ 6. We will be white water rafting a boat ride through rough water.

_______ 7. On Friday, we will ride the zeppelin a scary, but thrilling adventure.

_______ 8. I will watch out for the plant poison ivy because I’m allergic to it.

Adding Description to Sentences: Appositives & Adjective Clauses

My friend loves to find new bike shops in every town we explore.

                       , who is a bike enthusiast,

S’mores are the perfect summertime treat.

                      , which is a sweet made with chocolate and marshmallows,

The ELI is located in Olin Hall.

                     ______________________________________________________________________________.

Yoga is now practiced in many different countries around the world.        

                    ______________________________________________________________________________.

Adjective Clauses - _____________________________________________________________________ Rules: 3.      Nonrestrictive must be set off by commas. The clause is not needed to identify the noun. a.      Person (who):              Annie, who is my friend, got married last weekend. b.      Things (which):            The earth, which is the third planet from the sun, only has one                                         moon. c.       Superlative (-est): The tallest building in the world, Burj Dubai, was built in 2009. 4.      Restrictive does not need commas. The clause helps identify the noun. a.      People (who/that)       My friend who got married last week is Annie. (Which friend?) b.      Things (which/that)     The planet that only has one moon is Earth. (Which planet?)

 

Practice: Underline the appositive. Mark if it is extra or necessary information. Add punctuation.

Adverbial Clause

Showing Contrast: Adverbial Clauses

Subordinator	Sentence
while	While summers are hot in Miami, they are cool in Seattle                       .
whereas	­Whereas some people like to travel, ________________________________________­.
although	Although air travel is expensive, ____________________________­­­­­­­­­­­­­­_______________.
even though	Even though I studied all day for the test, ___________________________________.

Adverbial Clauses - _____________________________________________________________________ Rules: 1.      While / Whereas show contrast or opposite ideas. a.      (Dependent “while” Clause), (Independent Clause)  While I like the snow, I would rather move south. b.      (Dependent “whereas” Clause), (Independent Clause) Whereas some students study with friends, others study alone. 2.      Although / Even though show unexpected outcome (like “yet”) a.      (Dependent “although” Clause), (Independent Clause) Although I practiced for the driver’s test, I failed because I was so nervous. b.      (Dependent “even though” Clause), (Independent Clause) Even though the economy is recovering, many people still don’t have jobs. Punctuation: The dependent clause can be first or second. Use a comma if it comes first. Although I fell a long distance, I was not hurt.         I was not hurt although I fell a long distance.

 

Practice: Write a complex sentence with an adverbial clause. Determine the best subordinator.

1. I like to run / my friends like to ride their bikes

__________________________________________________________________________________

2. shopping online is convenient / it can be dangerous

__________________________________________________________________________________

3. some people eat at restaurants a lot / others cook at home every night

__________________________________________________________________________________

4. many people still smoke / smoking has been proven to cause cancer

__________________________________________________________________________________

Showing Comparison: “Other” Connectors

Tokyo’s and New York’s traffic problems are __________________.

Tokyo’s traffic is _________________ New York’s.

Tokyo and New York City are ________________ crowded.

Adjectives Prepositions Adverbs alike the same equal similar similar to equal to the same as (just) like equally Rules: 1.      Adjectives describe nouns. My hair and my sister’s hair is similar/equal/alike/the same. My sister and I have similar/equal/alike/the same hair.     2.      Prepositions come in front of nouns. My eyes are similar to/equal to/the same as/just like my mother’s eyes. Similar to/equal to/the same as/just like my mother, I have green eyes. Adverbs describe an adjective, verb, or another adverb. My brothers are equally talented in drawing.

 

Practice:Choose a connector from the chart to complete each sentence.Write the connector type.

1.      _____________  TV and internet advertisements are _______________ powerful.

2.      _____________  TV and the internet have ______________ advertisements.

3.      _____________  The Spanish language is _______________ the Italian language.

4.      ___________  The Spanish and Italian language are _________________ difficult to learn.

5.      _______  ____-_______ male students, female students participate in sports in America.

6.      ___________  Female and male participation in sports is __________________ in America.

7.      _____________  The job applicants have ____________________ qualifications.

8.      _____________  Both job applicants are ____________________ qualified.

9.      _____________  My parents are ______________ concerned about my success in America.

10.  __  My mother’s concerns about my success are _________________ my father’s concerns.

11.  _____________  The stories of the three major religions are _________________.

12.  _____________  The stories of Islam are _______________ the stories of Judaism.